5HJXODFMD FL QLHQLD VWDHJR
ROLZD GR QDVWDZLHQLD SU]\FLVNDPL REVXJRZ\PL
OXE SLORWHP 5
\VRNR Î SRGQRV]HQLD XWU]\P\ZDQD MHVW SU]H]
SRPS} QD VWD\P SR]LRPLH QLH]DOHQLH RG
]DSRWU]HERZDQLD QD ZRG} SDWU] U\V
5\V
RG]DMH UHJXODFML
H
H
DG
DG
DG
2
Q
L QLHQLH SURSRUFM
,QVWDODFMD
1D SU]\NDG
2JU]HZDQLD
GZXUXURZH ]
]DZRUDPL
WHUPRVWDW\
F]Q\PL L SU]\
PD\P
R VWRVXQNRZR
DXWRU\WHFLH
Z\VRNLFK
RGELRUQLND
RSRUDFK
QS
SU]HS\ZX Z
RELHJX NRWD L
VLHFL
UXURFL¢JZ
2JU]HZDQLD SRGRJRZH L MHGQRUXURZH ] ]DZRUDPL
WHUPRVWDW\F]Q\PL L Z\VRNLPL RSRUDPL RELHJX NRWD
3RPS\ RELHJX SLHUZRWQHJR Z LQVWDODFMDFK ] Z\VRNLPL VWUDWDPL
FL QLHQLD Z RELHJX SLHUZRWQ\P
2JU]HZDQLD
GZXUXURZH ]
]DZRUDPL
WHUPRVWDW\
F]Q\PL L SU]\
Z\VRNLP
R VWRVXQNRZR
DXWRU\WHFLH
QLVNLFK
RGELRUQLND
RSRUDFK
QS
SU]HS\ZX Z
RELHJX NRWD L
VLHFL
UXURFL¢JZ
2JU]HZDQLD SRGRJRZH ] ]DZRUDPL WHUPRVWDW\F]Q\PL
2JU]HZDQLD MHGQRUXURZH ] ]DZRUDPL WHUPRVWDW\F]Q\PL OXE
]DZRUDPL UHJXOXM¢F\PL SLRQ\
3RPS\ RELHJX SLHUZRWQHJR Z LQVWDODFMDFK ] QLVNLPL VWUDWDPL
FL QLHQLD Z RELHJX SLHUZRWQ\P
:\EU URG]DMX UHJXODFML
5RG]DM UHJXODFML MHVW ]DGDQ\
-H OL URG]DM UHJXODFML FL QLHQLH SURSRUFMRQDOQH OXE
VWDH L Z\PDJDQD Z\VRNR Î SRGQRV]HQLD SRPS\
GOD GDQHM LQVWDODFML V¢ ]QDQH WR SRPS} QDOH\
QDVWDZLÎ ]JRGQLH ] W\PL ]DRHQLDPL 3DWU]
UR]G]LD
UD]LH Z\VW¢SLHQLD SUREOHPZ ]DOHFDP\
GRNRQDQLH DQDOL]\ Z RSDUFLX R WDEHO} Z UR]G]LDOH
3U]HJO¢G ]DNFH°
5RG]DM UHJXODFML
-H OL URG]DM UHJXODFML L Z\PDJDQD Z\VRNR Î
SRGQRV]HQLD SRPS\ GOD GDQHM LQVWDODFML QLH V¢
]QDQH QS QLHUHJXORZDQ¢ SRPS} VWDQGDUGRZ¢
]DVW}SXMH VL} SU]H] 83( VHULD WR ]DOHFDQH
MHVW NRU]\VWDQLH ] QDVWDZ SRGDQ\FK Z SRQLV]HM
WDEHOL L Z UR]G]LDOH
SRPS
Q
L QLHQLH VWDH
] + ! P
] EDUG]R GXJLPL SU]HZRGDPL UR]SURZDG]DM¢F\PL
] VLOQLH ]GDZLRQ\PL ]DZRUDPL RGFLQDM¢F\PL
SLRQZ
] UHJXODWRUDPL UQLF\ FL QLH° GOD SLRQZ
] GX\PL VWUDWDPL FL QLHQLD Z W\FK F]} FLDFK
LQVWDODFML SU]H] NWUH SU]HS\ZD FD\ VWUXPLH°
F]\QQLND NRFLR Z\PLHQQLN FLHSD L SU]HZG
UR]SURZDG]DM¢F\ D GR SLHUZV]HJR UR]JD}]LHQLD
DOER
SU]\ PDHM UQLF\ WHPSHUDWXU ]DVLODQLDSRZURWX
] + P
E\H LQVWDODFMH JUDZLWDF\MQH
] PD\PL VWUDWDPL FL QLHQLD Z W\FK F]} FLDFK
LQVWDODFML SU]H] NWWH SU]HS\ZD FD\ VWUXPLH°
F]\QQLND NRFLR Z\PLHQQLN FLHSD L SU]HZG
UR]SURZDG]DM¢F\ D GR SLHUZV]HJR UR]JD}]LHQLD
DOER
SU]HVWDZLRQH QD GX¢ UQLF} WHPSHUDWXU
]DVLODQLDSRZURWX QS ]DVLODQLH ]
HOHNWURFLHSRZQL
1DVWDZLHQLH SRPS\
QLH
MHVW ]DGDQ\
1DVWDZ\ SU]\ Z\PLDQLH
=DOHFDQ\
URG]DM
UHJXODFML
&L QLHQLH
SURSRUFMR
QDOQH
&L QLHQLH
VWDH